Flow gently sweet Fleet

The mouth of the River Fleet where it joins the Thames at Blackfriars Bridge

The subterranean or underground rivers of London are the tributaries of the River Thames and River Lea that were built over during the growth of the metropolis of London. Since it is difficult to stop water from flowing downhill, the rivers now flow through underground culverts.



The Fleet was a clear sparkling river that for centuries ran from its source at Hampstead Heath to the Thames. Now its banks are found in a series of labyrinthine sewer tunnels, deep underground, for the brave and hardy to explore.


Royal procession in 1869 under the new Holborn Viaduct which crosses the valley of the Fleet River

The River Fleet is the largest of London's subterranean rivers. Its two headwaters are two streams on Hampstead Heath; each is now dammed into a series of ponds made in the 18th century, the Hampstead Ponds and the Highgate Ponds. At the south edge of Hampstead Heath these two streams flow underground as sewers which join in Camden Town. From the ponds the water flows underground for 4 miles (6.4 km) to join the River Thames.



The Fleet flows from two underground springs in Hampstead Heath on each side of Parliament hill. The western source starts at the Hampstead Ponds, and the old course of the river just to the south is marked by Fleet Road. The second source is in the northern edge of the park, on the grounds of Kenwood House. A longer series of ponds, the Highgate ponds, show where this spring flows along the eastern side of the park.
The two springs united just north of Camden Town. In 1826, it was recorded that the river at this point was 65 feet wide. The Fleet had always one of London’s bigger rivers—the name itself is thought to have been derived from a word meaning, basically, “big enough to float a large boat”


The Fleet River was commonly known as the Fleet Ditch, and it was notoriously filthy. In this romanticised view the Bridewell Footbridge that crosses it gives the scene a Venetian air. The different river craft include lighters moored along the quay of the River Fleet and two sprit-rigged sailing barges. The vessels in the Thames include three West Country barges, a sprit-rigged sailing barge, and wherries carrying passengers and cargoes. The Fleet River was covered over from Holborn to Fleet Street in 1737, and from Fleet Street to the Thames in 1869 when Blackfriars Bridge was under construction. The river survives today as a sewer under New Bridge Street.


The reality - The "Fleet Ditch" in 1844



The River Fleet's long and fascinating history goes all the way back to Roman times, when it was a major river and contained one of the oldest tidal mills in the world. Later on, in Anglo-Saxon times, the river was a dock for shipping at the point where it joined the Thames in a marshy tidal basin 100 yards wide. You can still see iron hoops that may have been used to tie up ships to the banks. At one time, gaily dressed women with parasols and men in their top hats promenaded in nearby gardens.





They partook of the 'healing' waters at spas along the Fleet's upper route — such as those in Bagnigge, a famous well. Further into London, however, it was a different story. As industry inexorably made London its headquarters, the River Fleet declined into a mishmash of sewage and garbage. Even old carcasses were thrown into it.







The development of the Regent's Canal and urban growth covered the river in King's Cross and Camden from 1812. The 'Fleet Market' was closed during the 1860s with the construction of Farringdon Road and Farringdon Street as a highway to the north and the Metropolitan Railway, while the final upper section of the river was covered when Hampstead was expanded in the 1870s. The Fleet played a very important part in the construction of the Metropolitan Line, the world's first Underground Metro, which gave its name to all underground railways.

http://daithaic.blogspot.com/2008/01/great-circle-line-journey.html

The Underground Railway was the brainchild of Charles Pearson, Solicitor to the Corporation was an early advocate of a railway into the city and the terrible slums of Clerkenwell along the valley of the river Fleet being rebuilt in the process. As the line neared completion in June 1862 the Fleet sewer, which had been diverted into a brick culvert, burst near Farringdon and flooded the line back to Kings Cross to a depth of ten feet. The railway was also dogged by funding problems due to the delays and the Crimean War which was then taking place.


The bifurcation chamber under Camden Town where the two streams which rise on Hampstead Heath join to form the River Fleet

Due to the Great Stink of 1858, when sewage made the smell of London unbearable, 70% of all of the city's river networks were covered. You can guess where they were, however, by the road names. Water closets were adopted by the more affluent households of London in the early 19th century, in place of privies and cess pits. As a result, sewers originally intended to take rain water into the Thames now carried raw sewage - which was then extracted by the water companies to be drunk by their customers. The Metropolitan Commission of Sewers had responsibility for the situation, but didn't have the power to impose sufficient taxes to solve the problem.



In the 'Great Stink' of London such was the overpowering smell from the Thames, that the curtains of the Commons were soaked in chloride of lime in a vain attempt to protect the sensitivities of MPs. It is no surprise that a bill was rushed through Parliament and became law in 18 days, to provide more money to construct a massive new sewer scheme for London, and to build the Embankment along the Thames in order to improve the flow of water and of traffic.



In London with the expansion of the city in the early C19th the Thames was an open sewer and cholera was a constant problem, but it wasn't until the 'Great Stink' of 1858 that any serious action was taken. The great Victorian engineer Joseph Bazalgette solved the problem by building the great system of sewers, pumping stations and treatment works which still operate to this day. It also led to the building of the Victoria and Albert Embankments along the Thames changing the face of London and the River Thames to this day.

Although few ever saw it, Bazalgette’s sewer system was one of the engineering marvels of its day. Round brick tunnels ranging from six to twelve feet in diameter hold mainline sewers, as well as rivers like the Fleet that had become so polluted that they were best put underground. Round tunnels flow into even vaster tunnels shaped like an upside-down horseshoe, with gently concave floors. Smaller channels were often oval or egg-shaped. (With the smaller end of the egg’s profile pointed downward, this shape keeps sewage flowing faster even when it’s low flow, and that helps reduce silt build-up.) These were built not only for sewage and wastewater, but also to drain the city of rain or snowmelt. Because of this, the tunnels often seem needlessly huge.



When Bazalgette designed the sewer system, one of the most important things he did was create a system of five “interceptor” sewers, which ran parallel to the Thames at various distances and intercepted the water from the north- and south-flowing sewers to carry the sewage to a treatment plant. Previously, the sewage had flowed directly into the Thames, near where drinking water for the city was withdrawn. Bazalgette’s new system probably saved an incalculable number of lives from disease.



Fleet Street is still one of the most famous streets in London, known for its past use by newspaper companies. The Fleet can be heard through a grating in Ray Street, Clerkenwell in front of the Coach and Horses pub. The position of the river can still be seen in the surrounding streetscape with Ray Street and its continuation Warner Street lying in a valley where the river once flowed. It can also be heard through a grid in the centre of Charterhouse Street where it joins Farringdon Road (on the Smithfield side of the junction). In wet weather, the murky Fleet can be seen gushing into the Thames at a right angle on a very low tide from the Thameswalk exit of Blackfriars station, immediately under the Blackfriars Bridge. Look for a ladder that descends into the water. (The picture shows the right location but it can be seen much more clearly when standing over it.)


The final chamber of the Fleet Sewer.The huge metal doors are the floodgates onto the Thames and the circular objects are one way valves which open when the tide on the Thames is out to release the chambers contents into the river

The Fleet is now largely invisible underground but many ghosts remain. These include the many people who earned a living in its dank, smelly waters. So-called mudlarks and toshers scavenged items of value there, including bits of coal that had dropped off barges. Often these people were small children trying to eke out a living underground. It is part of the history of London going back to Roman Times waiting to see the light of day again.

London’s underground rivers;

River Thames - North Bank


The River Tyburn in Central London, it flows under Buckingham Palace and "Brook Street" in Mayfair is named after it



The Walbrook
The River Fleet, the largest
The Tyburn
The Tyburn Brook
The River Westbourne
Counter's Creek
Stamford Brook
River Brent (partly underground)
River Rom (partly underground)


River Fleet - "Steps" down to the Thames outlet

River Thames – south bank:

The River Peck
The River Neckinger
The River Effra
The Falconbrook
The Graveney River

River Lea:


The Moselle is visible above ground flowing through Tottenham Cemetery on its way to the Lea.

Hackney Brook
The River Moselle

To see some of the underground pictures on their original sites see;

http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/news-londons-secret-subterranean-river

www.sub-urban.com

Some of this article and photos are licensed under the Creative Commons BY-SA License. The text uses material from Wikipedia content. Thanks to sub-urban.com and john Doe for their pictures of the underground river.

Thanks to my good Bloggy Buddy “The Girl in the Cafe” for the heads up on these wonderful photos of the underground river.

http://www.thegirlinthecafe.com


Lost Rivers of London Click for larger image

Flow gently sweet Fleet

The mouth of the River Fleet where it joins the Thames at Blackfriars Bridge

The subterranean or underground rivers of London are the tributaries of the River Thames and River Lea that were built over during the growth of the metropolis of London. Since it is difficult to stop water from flowing downhill, the rivers now flow through underground culverts.



The Fleet was a clear sparkling river that for centuries ran from its source at Hampstead Heath to the Thames. Now its banks are found in a series of labyrinthine sewer tunnels, deep underground, for the brave and hardy to explore.


Royal procession in 1869 under the new Holborn Viaduct which crosses the valley of the Fleet River

The River Fleet is the largest of London's subterranean rivers. Its two headwaters are two streams on Hampstead Heath; each is now dammed into a series of ponds made in the 18th century, the Hampstead Ponds and the Highgate Ponds. At the south edge of Hampstead Heath these two streams flow underground as sewers which join in Camden Town. From the ponds the water flows underground for 4 miles (6.4 km) to join the River Thames.



The Fleet flows from two underground springs in Hampstead Heath on each side of Parliament hill. The western source starts at the Hampstead Ponds, and the old course of the river just to the south is marked by Fleet Road. The second source is in the northern edge of the park, on the grounds of Kenwood House. A longer series of ponds, the Highgate ponds, show where this spring flows along the eastern side of the park.
The two springs united just north of Camden Town. In 1826, it was recorded that the river at this point was 65 feet wide. The Fleet had always one of London’s bigger rivers—the name itself is thought to have been derived from a word meaning, basically, “big enough to float a large boat”


The Fleet River was commonly known as the Fleet Ditch, and it was notoriously filthy. In this romanticised view the Bridewell Footbridge that crosses it gives the scene a Venetian air. The different river craft include lighters moored along the quay of the River Fleet and two sprit-rigged sailing barges. The vessels in the Thames include three West Country barges, a sprit-rigged sailing barge, and wherries carrying passengers and cargoes. The Fleet River was covered over from Holborn to Fleet Street in 1737, and from Fleet Street to the Thames in 1869 when Blackfriars Bridge was under construction. The river survives today as a sewer under New Bridge Street.


The reality - The "Fleet Ditch" in 1844



The River Fleet's long and fascinating history goes all the way back to Roman times, when it was a major river and contained one of the oldest tidal mills in the world. Later on, in Anglo-Saxon times, the river was a dock for shipping at the point where it joined the Thames in a marshy tidal basin 100 yards wide. You can still see iron hoops that may have been used to tie up ships to the banks. At one time, gaily dressed women with parasols and men in their top hats promenaded in nearby gardens.





They partook of the 'healing' waters at spas along the Fleet's upper route — such as those in Bagnigge, a famous well. Further into London, however, it was a different story. As industry inexorably made London its headquarters, the River Fleet declined into a mishmash of sewage and garbage. Even old carcasses were thrown into it.







The development of the Regent's Canal and urban growth covered the river in King's Cross and Camden from 1812. The 'Fleet Market' was closed during the 1860s with the construction of Farringdon Road and Farringdon Street as a highway to the north and the Metropolitan Railway, while the final upper section of the river was covered when Hampstead was expanded in the 1870s. The Fleet played a very important part in the construction of the Metropolitan Line, the world's first Underground Metro, which gave its name to all underground railways.

http://daithaic.blogspot.com/2008/01/great-circle-line-journey.html

The Underground Railway was the brainchild of Charles Pearson, Solicitor to the Corporation was an early advocate of a railway into the city and the terrible slums of Clerkenwell along the valley of the river Fleet being rebuilt in the process. As the line neared completion in June 1862 the Fleet sewer, which had been diverted into a brick culvert, burst near Farringdon and flooded the line back to Kings Cross to a depth of ten feet. The railway was also dogged by funding problems due to the delays and the Crimean War which was then taking place.


The bifurcation chamber under Camden Town where the two streams which rise on Hampstead Heath join to form the River Fleet

Due to the Great Stink of 1858, when sewage made the smell of London unbearable, 70% of all of the city's river networks were covered. You can guess where they were, however, by the road names. Water closets were adopted by the more affluent households of London in the early 19th century, in place of privies and cess pits. As a result, sewers originally intended to take rain water into the Thames now carried raw sewage - which was then extracted by the water companies to be drunk by their customers. The Metropolitan Commission of Sewers had responsibility for the situation, but didn't have the power to impose sufficient taxes to solve the problem.



In the 'Great Stink' of London such was the overpowering smell from the Thames, that the curtains of the Commons were soaked in chloride of lime in a vain attempt to protect the sensitivities of MPs. It is no surprise that a bill was rushed through Parliament and became law in 18 days, to provide more money to construct a massive new sewer scheme for London, and to build the Embankment along the Thames in order to improve the flow of water and of traffic.



In London with the expansion of the city in the early C19th the Thames was an open sewer and cholera was a constant problem, but it wasn't until the 'Great Stink' of 1858 that any serious action was taken. The great Victorian engineer Joseph Bazalgette solved the problem by building the great system of sewers, pumping stations and treatment works which still operate to this day. It also led to the building of the Victoria and Albert Embankments along the Thames changing the face of London and the River Thames to this day.

Although few ever saw it, Bazalgette’s sewer system was one of the engineering marvels of its day. Round brick tunnels ranging from six to twelve feet in diameter hold mainline sewers, as well as rivers like the Fleet that had become so polluted that they were best put underground. Round tunnels flow into even vaster tunnels shaped like an upside-down horseshoe, with gently concave floors. Smaller channels were often oval or egg-shaped. (With the smaller end of the egg’s profile pointed downward, this shape keeps sewage flowing faster even when it’s low flow, and that helps reduce silt build-up.) These were built not only for sewage and wastewater, but also to drain the city of rain or snowmelt. Because of this, the tunnels often seem needlessly huge.



When Bazalgette designed the sewer system, one of the most important things he did was create a system of five “interceptor” sewers, which ran parallel to the Thames at various distances and intercepted the water from the north- and south-flowing sewers to carry the sewage to a treatment plant. Previously, the sewage had flowed directly into the Thames, near where drinking water for the city was withdrawn. Bazalgette’s new system probably saved an incalculable number of lives from disease.



Fleet Street is still one of the most famous streets in London, known for its past use by newspaper companies. The Fleet can be heard through a grating in Ray Street, Clerkenwell in front of the Coach and Horses pub. The position of the river can still be seen in the surrounding streetscape with Ray Street and its continuation Warner Street lying in a valley where the river once flowed. It can also be heard through a grid in the centre of Charterhouse Street where it joins Farringdon Road (on the Smithfield side of the junction). In wet weather, the murky Fleet can be seen gushing into the Thames at a right angle on a very low tide from the Thameswalk exit of Blackfriars station, immediately under the Blackfriars Bridge. Look for a ladder that descends into the water. (The picture shows the right location but it can be seen much more clearly when standing over it.)


The final chamber of the Fleet Sewer.The huge metal doors are the floodgates onto the Thames and the circular objects are one way valves which open when the tide on the Thames is out to release the chambers contents into the river

The Fleet is now largely invisible underground but many ghosts remain. These include the many people who earned a living in its dank, smelly waters. So-called mudlarks and toshers scavenged items of value there, including bits of coal that had dropped off barges. Often these people were small children trying to eke out a living underground. It is part of the history of London going back to Roman Times waiting to see the light of day again.

London’s underground rivers;

River Thames - North Bank


The River Tyburn in Central London, it flows under Buckingham Palace and "Brook Street" in Mayfair is named after it



The Walbrook
The River Fleet, the largest
The Tyburn
The Tyburn Brook
The River Westbourne
Counter's Creek
Stamford Brook
River Brent (partly underground)
River Rom (partly underground)


River Fleet - "Steps" down to the Thames outlet

River Thames – south bank:

The River Peck
The River Neckinger
The River Effra
The Falconbrook
The Graveney River

River Lea:


The Moselle is visible above ground flowing through Tottenham Cemetery on its way to the Lea.

Hackney Brook
The River Moselle

To see some of the underground pictures on their original sites see;

http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/news-londons-secret-subterranean-river

www.sub-urban.com

Some of this article and photos are licensed under the Creative Commons BY-SA License. The text uses material from Wikipedia content. Thanks to sub-urban.com and john Doe for their pictures of the underground river.

Thanks to my good Bloggy Buddy “The Girl in the Cafe” for the heads up on these wonderful photos of the underground river.

http://www.thegirlinthecafe.com


Lost Rivers of London Click for larger image

Clowns of Old London Town

After the Banking Crisis many would say the City of London is full of Clowns, without realising it is the literal truth. London has many traditions which are preserved in East London which regards itself as the home of real Londoners, the Cockneys, who are traditionally regarded as those born within the sound of the Bow Bells, the bells of the Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, an historic church off Cheapside in the City of London. However the label Cockney was original a countryman’s derogatory term for the city dwellers, literally meaning a “Cocks egg”, or an effeminate city dweller. Two of the great folk traditions of the City are the Pearly Kings and Queens who were elected for each Borough as part of a tradition of mutual assistance by the Costermongers or street produce sellers and who support many causes such as erecting a memorial to the victims of The Bethnal Green Tube Disaster.


A Pearly King and Queen

http://daithaic.blogspot.com/2010/08/bethnal-green-and-70th-anniversary-of.html

The other tradition preserved in this city with its rich theatrical history is clowning which is commemorated each year on the first Sunday in February, when clowns from across the UK gather in Dalston (East London) and attend a church service in memory of the clown Jospeh Grimaldi. This has been an annual tradition since 1946. The service moved to Holy Trinity Church in 1959, and in 1967 permission was given for the clowns to attend in their costumes. This year the church service took place yesterday on Sunday 6 February. It is a reminder to all of the rich tradition of clowning which has been part of Theatre, Pantomime, Commedia D’Arte, Cabaret, Variety and movies, not to mention Circus.


Joseph Grimaldi



This service to commemorate Grimaldi and all clowns normally takes place in Holy Trinity Church on Beechwood Road in Dalston, London E8 3DY. (Tube: Liverpool Street, then bus 149 or 242; nearest train station: Dalston Kingsland) Occasionally it is held in another nearby church: All Saints Church, Haggerston Road. There is no charge to attend, but you may want to make a donation at the collection after the service. It is traditional after the service for the clowns to put on a free show in the adjoining hall so many families attend with excited children and as “clowning” forms part of the service it is anything but solemn.

The website for both churches is: http://www.trinitysaintsunited.co.uk



All clowns are nicknamed Joey, after the father of modern clowning, Joseph Grimaldi and we get the slang word “Slap” from their theatrical makeup. We get a number of phrases in common usage from the clown tradition. “Slapstick” was when they threw water and pies at each other at the end of their show (which washed off makeup), “Sending in the Clowns” meant the show was over as they were the finale, a jam session was when they met to swap jokes and routines ending with an “exchange” of jam tarts and Clown Alley was the part of the circus tent where they hung their outfits.


Portrait of Joseph Grimaldi by John Cawse

Clowns, or fools, were seen in their child-like natures as representing the purity and simplicity of saints like St Francis of Assisi and St Basil, the Russian saint. The early Catholic Church used the Holy Fool to comically, and sometimes frighteningly, simplify and illustrate the church’s doctrine to an illiterate audience. As society became more complex and urbanised, particularly with the Reformation, clowns in the theatre became agents questioning how the individual should live life, rather than how the mass of the common people could understand the Biblical teachings. In Shakespeare’s plays one of the reasons religious and political arguments were put amusingly into the mouths of clowns was to avoid problems over censorship.


A family of Clowns!

Clowns were an important part of London’s theatrical tradition in Shakespeare and Marlowe’s time for as The Bard observed “This fellow is wise enough to play the fool; ...” Shakespeare's clowns weren't anything like modern day clowns. On the old English stage a clown was a privileged laugh provoker. He usually had no real part in the drama, but carried on his jokes and tricks, sometimes addressing himself to the delighted audience instead of confining himself to the stage action.



Early clowns were portrayed as simple-minded, ignorant fools. In reality, many were quite witty with enough wisdom to speak profound truths in the guise of humour. An example of this would be Touchstone in "As You Like It" and Feste in "Twelfth Night." The Bard elevated the clown as none before had done, giving him a speaking part, often using him as a “comic relief” to ease the tension in his tragedies. This blending of comedy and tragedy played well to both the seated audience and those who could afford only to stand on the ground at the foot of the stage. The grave diggers in "Hamlet" are clowns. "Othello" had his clown, although he wasn't very humorous! Launcelot Gobbo was Shylock's famous clown in "The Merchant of Venice."


Joseph Grimaldi "Joey"

The son of Italian Immigrants, Joseph Grimaldi (1778-1837) was one of the most celebrated of English clowns. He created the 'Joey' look associated with clowns ever since, and completely transformed the role of the Clown in the Harlequinade. Joseph Grimaldi was the man who gave us the notion of the sad clown. He was particularly famous for his role in the Christmas Pantomimes at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. He had been an idol since he first came to prominence in 1806, having been thrust into the highest sphere of celebrity with a virtuoso comic performance in the original production of Mother Goose, a show that took record profits and ran for longer than any other pantomime in history. Its success brought him national recognition, enormous fees, and a social circle that included Lord Byron, Sarah Siddons, Edmund Kean, Matthew 'Monk’ Lewis and the entire Kemble family. The critics Leigh Hunt and William Hazlitt sang his praises and the young Charles Dickens edited his Memoirs.



Grimaldi built on the original concept of naiveté and foolishness by mocking his audiences and encouraging their participation. He is said to have been the inspiration behind the invention of the pantomime dame. He introduced the concept of the sad clown, the happy mask that hides a tragic soul. Grimaldi raised the profile of the clown by placing him centre stage. The clown in one form or another is still seen as an absolutely vital element of entertainment culture worldwide. The Grimaldi Memorial Service is a tribute to that great tradition as well as a thanksgiving for the gift of laughter.

Joseph Grimaldi ("Joey") is regarded as the greatest British clown. He was born in London in 1778 and died in 1837. His performances at the Sadler's Wells and Drury Lane theatres were extremely popular and helped to establish the British clowning traditions which continue to this day. His tomb is in the park named after him in Islington, the Joseph Grimaldi Park (next to 154a Pentonville Road, between Rodney Street and Cumming Street; nearest Tube: King's Cross St Pancras or Angel ;). The plaque in front of the tomb reads as follows:

JOSEPH GRIMALDI
1778-1837

Joseph Grimaldi was 3 years old when he first went on the stage of Sadler's Wells with his father and worked there for 45 years as performer and part-proprietor. From his debut in 1806 at Covent Garden in Mother Goose he was adored by all and could fill a theatre anywhere. The name Joey has passed into our language to mean a clown. He lived all his life among the people of Clerkenwell and died at 33 Southampton Street, now called Calshot Street. Islington Council has called the park in which he lies buried the Joseph Grimaldi Park to commemorate a great artist and a great man.


Joseph Grimaldi's grave

Following the clown's show after the church service visitors are invited to a special opening of the Clowns Gallery - Museum. This is the UK's only museum dedicated to clowns and their history. It is normally open just once a month - on the first Friday (from 12 noon to 5pm) (special arrangements can be made for group visits at other times).

The address is: All Saints Centre, Haggerston Road, Hackney, London E8 4HT (Tube: Liverpool Street, then bus 149 or 242)

It is just a few minutes' walk from Holy Trinity Church to the Clowns Gallery. One of the things to see inside the museum is the egg register. This shows the make-up (known as "slap") used by clowns both past and present. It is an unwritten rule that a clown never copies the make-up of another clown - each one is unique and is designed to suit the individual's face.


Egg Faces - If you had the same "Slap" as another clown you had their egg on your face

For more on Clowns International (the organisers of this event):

http://www.clowns-international.co.uk

You may want to combine a visit to the Clowns Gallery with a visit to two other nearby museums which appeal to children of all ages and anybody interested in London's history:

- Museum of Childhood, Cambridge Heath Road, London E2 9PA:

http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/nmc

- Geffrye Museum, Kingsland Road, London E2 8EA:

http://www.geffrye-museum.org.uk

For more on Joseph Grimaldi see;

Incidents in the Life of Joseph Grimaldi
Author: Giles Neville, Patricia Neville (Illustrator)
Publisher: Jonathan Cape - October 1980
ISBN-10: 0224018698
ISBN-13: 978-0224018692

Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi
Andrew McConnell Stott

Cannongate Books - ISBN: 9781847672957